With terms such as WFH, social distancing and self-isolation now in common parlance, theOxford English Dictionaryhas made an extraordinary update to include Covid-19 and words related to the pandemic in its definitive record of the English language.
跟着“WFH”（work from home，在家作业）、“坚持交际间隔”和“自我阻隔”等词汇成为常用词，《牛津英语词典》进行了一次十分规更新，将新冠肺炎疫情相关词汇归入其间。
The dictionary’s executive editor Bernadette Paton said that it was “a rare experience for lexicographers to observe an exponential rise in usage of a single word in a very short period of time, and for that word to come overwhelmingly to dominate global discourse, even to the exclusion of most other topics”.
《牛津英语词典》履行修改伯纳黛特·帕顿说：“在很短的时间内观察到一个词汇的运用量呈指数级上升，并压倒性地主导全球言语趋势，乃至让大多数其他论题毫无容身之地，这对词典编纂者来说十分稀有。”
Covid-19has done that, and has thus been added as a new entry in the OED, where it is described as “an acute respiratory illness in humans caused by a coronavirus, which is capable of producing severe symptoms and death, esp. in the elderly and others with underlying health conditions”.
“新冠肺炎”便是这样一个词，也由此成为《牛津英语词典》中新添加的一个词条，其界说为“一种由冠状病毒引起的人类急性呼吸道疾病，能发生严峻的症状，致人逝世，特别是对晚年人和有其他潜在健康问题的人群。”
“As something of a departure, this update comes outside of our usual quarterly publication cycle,” said Paton. “But these are extraordinary times, and OED lexicographers, who like many others are all working from home … are tracking the development of the language of the pandemic and offering a linguistic and historical context to their usage.”
帕顿说：“这次更新有些不同，它不在咱们一般的季度发布周期。但现在是十分时期，《牛津英语词典》的编纂者们和其他许多人相同，都是在家作业，他们正在追寻新冠肺炎疫情时期言语的开展，并为其词汇的用法供给言语和历史背景。”
The OED’s analysis of more than 8bn words of online news stories found that coronavirus and Covid-19, a shortening of coronavirus disease 2019, are now dominating global discourse. While back in December, words such as Brexit, impeachment and climate dominated news, by January, coronavirus was seeing significant use alongside current affairs terms such as bushfire, koala, Iraqi, locust and assassination. By March every single word in the OED’s top 20 list of keywords was related to coronavirus.
《牛津英语词典》剖析了包括80多亿个词汇的网络新闻，发现冠状病毒和Covid-19（2019年新冠肺炎的缩写）现在主导着全球的评论。上一年12月，“英国脱欧”、“弹劾”、“气候”等词汇占有了新闻头条，而到了本年1月，“冠状病毒”与“森林大火”、“考拉”、“伊拉克”、“蝗虫”、“暗算”等时势词汇一同被很多运用。本年3月，《牛津英语词典》列出的20个最要害词汇中的每一个单词都与冠状病毒有关。
“In January, the words mainly relate to naming and describing the virus: coronavirus, SARS, virus, human-to-human, respiratory, flu-like,” said the OED in an analysis. “By March, the keywords reflect the social impact of the virus, and issues surrounding the medical response: social distancing, self-isolation and self-quarantine, lockdown, non-essential (as in non-essential travel), and postpone are all especially frequent, as are PPE and ventilator.”
《牛津英语词典》在剖析中写道：“1月的高频词主要与病毒的命名和描绘有关：冠状病毒、非典、病毒、人传人、呼吸系统、流感样。到了3月，这些要害词反映了新冠病毒的社会影响，以及医疗应对相关问题：坚持交际间隔、自我阻隔、封闭、非必要的（如非必要的游览）、推延、个人防护用品和呼吸机等词汇的运用都特别频频。”
The OED’s lexicographers have noticed a rise in the use of specialist medical terms and new acronyms, such asWFHand PPE. The first noted usage ofworking from homewas in 1995, but Paton notes that “the abbreviation was known to very few before it became a way of life for so many of us”. The abbreviationPPE, for personal protective equipment, dates back to 1977 but was “formerly probably restricted to healthcare and emergency professionals”.
《牛津英语词典》的编纂者们注意到，渐渐的变多的人开始运用专业医学术语和新的缩写词，比方WFH（在家作业）和PPE（个人防护用品）。1995年，人们初次注意到“在家作业”的用法，但帕顿指出，“在居家作业成为咱们许多人的生活方式之前，很少有人知道这个缩写。”个人防护用品的缩写PPE能够追溯到1977年，但“曾经或许仅限于医护和急救专业技术人员运用”。
Social distancing, first used in 1957, “was originally an attitude rather than a physical term, referring to an aloofness or a deliberate attempt to distance oneself from others socially. Now we all understand it as keeping a physical distance between ourselves and others to avoid infection,” wrote Paton.
“坚持交际间隔”这种说法最早呈现于1957年，“开始是一种情绪，而不是一个描绘身体间隔的术语，指的是一种超然的情绪，或许在交际上成心疏远别人。现在咱们都理解，这是为了尽最大或许避免感染而与别人坚持身体上的间隔”，帕顿写道。
Previous pandemics have also given rise to new vocabulary. Usage of “pestilence”, or “a fatal epidemic or disease”, first appears in 1382, not long after the bubonic plague peaked in Europe between 1347 and 1351. The adjective “self-quarantined” was first used in 1878 to describe the actions of the villagers of Eyam in the 17th century, who isolated themselves to prevent the second wave of “Black Death” from spreading to surrounding villages.
曾经的疾病大盛行也发生过新的词汇。“瘟疫（尤指鼠疫）”或“一种丧命的盛行病或疾病”这种说法初次呈现在1382年，就在欧洲黑死病于1347年至1351年到达高峰后不久。形容词“自我阻隔的”在1878年初次被用来描绘17世纪埃亚姆村乡民的行为，他们将自己阻隔起来，以避免第二波黑死病蔓延到周围的村庄。
“It is a consistent theme of lexicography that great social change brings great linguistic change, and that has never been truer than in this current global crisis,” wrote Paton.
帕顿写道：“词典编纂的一个一向主题是，巨大的社会改变带来了巨大的言语改变，而在当时的全球危机中，这一点从未如此实在。”
